by Maryam Hussain How the working of a theoretical engine was proposed? The theoretical heat engine was proposed by Sadi Carnot in 1824 . Heat engines are devices that can convert heat into mechanical energy. Like a Steam engine or Motor vehicle, the working principle of all heat engines is the same in which any working substance gas or vapor is brought back to the initial stage by going through different thermodynamic stages of a cyclic process . Carnot suggested that, if a heat engine goes through fixed thermodynamic stages of a specified process, then the efficiency of the heat engine may be 100% possible. Ideally, this engine gives maximum efficiency. No other engine can be more efficient than this. The specified cyclic process suggested by Carnot is called the Carnot cycle. The Carnot engine has four main parts: 1). First, an insulated, non-conducting stand , so that the transfer of energy is not possible . 2). Second, a hot reservoir with infi...
by Maryam Hussain What is a chemical equation? A chemical equation is the symbolic representation of a chemical reaction in terms of chemical formulas. Before writing any chemical equation, a step is there that symbols and formulas are made available for the substances involved in chemical processes, in addition to the names. These symbols and formulas are analogous to symbol and variables used in equation of physics, like that used in Newton’s second law of motion F = ma, and provide a type of chemical shorthand that chemists have found valuable because of their convenience. When the multipliers of reactants and products, called coefficients, in a chemical equation, are correctly given, the numbers of atoms of each element are equal on both sides of the arrow. The equation is then said to be a balanced chemical equation. We will illustrate the concept through a step-by-step procedure starting from writing & completing it to balancing of it. ...