by Maryam Hussain How the working of a theoretical engine was proposed? The theoretical heat engine was proposed by Sadi Carnot in 1824 . Heat engines are devices that can convert heat into mechanical energy. Like a Steam engine or Motor vehicle, the working principle of all heat engines is the same in which any working substance gas or vapor is brought back to the initial stage by going through different thermodynamic stages of a cyclic process . Carnot suggested that, if a heat engine goes through fixed thermodynamic stages of a specified process, then the efficiency of the heat engine may be 100% possible. Ideally, this engine gives maximum efficiency. No other engine can be more efficient than this. The specified cyclic process suggested by Carnot is called the Carnot cycle. The Carnot engine has four main parts: 1). First, an insulated, non-conducting stand , so that the transfer of energy is not possible . 2). Second, a hot reservoir with infi...
by Maryam Hussain By the time of the Roman Empire, humans had created such amenities as indoor plumbing, iced desserts, textiles and leather shoes, dyed clothes, etc. Concrete, chains, solder, and hand tools for working wood and stone were part of the craftsman’s kit, while horses pulled light carts and chariots. In about 5000 B.C., the horse was employed for domestic services somewhere between Ukraine and the Caucasus Mountains of central Asia. In about 2000 B.C., humans started to ride horses. Horseback riding represented a major revolution in technology, with dramatic effects, particularly in warfare. Horses had to be bred larger to carry a person, and the practice seemingly grew up first among nomadic tribes that herded horses in central Asia, including what is now Iran and Afghanistan. Some of the great conquering peoples of central Asia, including the Huns and the Mongols, achieved their victories via the horse-mounted cavalry soldier. Researchers had not only master...