by Maryam Hussain How the working of a theoretical engine was proposed? The theoretical heat engine was proposed by Sadi Carnot in 1824 . Heat engines are devices that can convert heat into mechanical energy. Like a Steam engine or Motor vehicle, the working principle of all heat engines is the same in which any working substance gas or vapor is brought back to the initial stage by going through different thermodynamic stages of a cyclic process . Carnot suggested that, if a heat engine goes through fixed thermodynamic stages of a specified process, then the efficiency of the heat engine may be 100% possible. Ideally, this engine gives maximum efficiency. No other engine can be more efficient than this. The specified cyclic process suggested by Carnot is called the Carnot cycle. The Carnot engine has four main parts: 1). First, an insulated, non-conducting stand , so that the transfer of energy is not possible . 2). Second, a hot reservoir with infi...
by Maryam Hussain What is a chemical equation? A chemical equation is merely a representation of a chemical reaction in the chemist's shorthand. A chemical reaction is what happens when one substance meets and reacts with another and a new substance is formed. The substances that react together are called reactants , and those formed are called products. The chemical properties of reactants involved in a chemical reaction are different from those of products. Chemical properties are characteristics that involve chemical change. A chemical property of hydrogen gas is that it combines with oxygen gas to form water (liquid). A chemical property of chlorine gas is that it combines with sodium metal to form table salt, a non-metal solid. A chemical property of gasoline is that it ignites to undergo combusts to produce carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide and a lot of heat. A chemical equation obeys the “law of conservation of mass” which states ...