by Maryam Hussain How the working of a theoretical engine was proposed? The theoretical heat engine was proposed by Sadi Carnot in 1824 . Heat engines are devices that can convert heat into mechanical energy. Like a Steam engine or Motor vehicle, the working principle of all heat engines is the same in which any working substance gas or vapor is brought back to the initial stage by going through different thermodynamic stages of a cyclic process . Carnot suggested that, if a heat engine goes through fixed thermodynamic stages of a specified process, then the efficiency of the heat engine may be 100% possible. Ideally, this engine gives maximum efficiency. No other engine can be more efficient than this. The specified cyclic process suggested by Carnot is called the Carnot cycle. The Carnot engine has four main parts: 1). First, an insulated, non-conducting stand , so that the transfer of energy is not possible . 2). Second, a hot reservoir with infi...
By Maryam Hussain In total, there are four requirements for the occurrence of a chemical reaction. The first requirement is: to bring the molecules of the reactants in the vicinity of each other. The next requirement is: the molecules that have to react with each other, must collide with one another. That is why we stir liquid-liquid, solid powder-liquid, solid powder-gas, gas-gas & solid powder-powder reactants. The next requirement is: the molecules that have to react with each other, must collide with sufficient energy to initiate the process of breaking and forming bonds . This energy is called the energy of activation. That is why we heat or pre-heat or heat the reactants Or cool or pre-cool the reactants. We also bring the energy level up to the required level by introducing the reactants with suitable catalysts with or without heating or cooling. The next requirement is: the molecules that have to react with each other, must collide in an orientation that...