by Maryam Hussain How the working of a theoretical engine was proposed? The theoretical heat engine was proposed by Sadi Carnot in 1824 . Heat engines are devices that can convert heat into mechanical energy. Like a Steam engine or Motor vehicle, the working principle of all heat engines is the same in which any working substance gas or vapor is brought back to the initial stage by going through different thermodynamic stages of a cyclic process . Carnot suggested that, if a heat engine goes through fixed thermodynamic stages of a specified process, then the efficiency of the heat engine may be 100% possible. Ideally, this engine gives maximum efficiency. No other engine can be more efficient than this. The specified cyclic process suggested by Carnot is called the Carnot cycle. The Carnot engine has four main parts: 1). First, an insulated, non-conducting stand , so that the transfer of energy is not possible . 2). Second, a hot reservoir with infi...
by Maryam Hussain An adequate supply of water to fulfill the needs of kitchen, drinking and sanitation is a primary requisite for good health. When a town water supply is not available , then the owner of the property must develop a quality water storage and supply system for the use of residents of his property. While estimating the water storage requirements , consideration should be given to the peak daily water usage, the maximum-day demand, the capacity of the normal and standby pumping equipment, the availability and capacity of second power supply, an estimated duration of power failure, and the duration of time required for repairs with respect to the time of power and equipment failure. A preferred minimum storage capacity would be a two-day use or a maximum-day usage. Three days of storage is the preferred one. All distribution reservoirs should be covered, should be provided with an overflow, and should be provided with a drain, access manh...