by Maryam Hussain How the working of a theoretical engine was proposed? The theoretical heat engine was proposed by Sadi Carnot in 1824 . Heat engines are devices that can convert heat into mechanical energy. Like a Steam engine or Motor vehicle, the working principle of all heat engines is the same in which any working substance gas or vapor is brought back to the initial stage by going through different thermodynamic stages of a cyclic process . Carnot suggested that, if a heat engine goes through fixed thermodynamic stages of a specified process, then the efficiency of the heat engine may be 100% possible. Ideally, this engine gives maximum efficiency. No other engine can be more efficient than this. The specified cyclic process suggested by Carnot is called the Carnot cycle. The Carnot engine has four main parts: 1). First, an insulated, non-conducting stand , so that the transfer of energy is not possible . 2). Second, a hot reservoir with infi...
by Maryam Hussain A chemical reaction, named “Combustion” has played major roles in human civilization. Since man discovered how to create fire, we have relied on combustion to perform a variety of tasks. The fire was used for heating and cooking, and later to manufacture tools and weapons. It was not until the onset of the Industrial Revolution in the nineteenth century that man started to obtain power from combustion. Rapid progress in the application of combustion systems since then, and many industries have come into existence as a direct result of this achievement. Combustion is one of the most complex subjects that involve primarily such disciplines as physics, chemistry, thermodynamics, and fluid mechanics. Thanks to the branch of engineering & science, the thermodynamics, which enables us to calculate the energies of system changes in composition. Combustion has a wide variety of uses. Combustion is used for energy production in power plants, gas turbines, ...