by Maryam Hussain How the working of a theoretical engine was proposed? The theoretical heat engine was proposed by Sadi Carnot in 1824 . Heat engines are devices that can convert heat into mechanical energy. Like a Steam engine or Motor vehicle, the working principle of all heat engines is the same in which any working substance gas or vapor is brought back to the initial stage by going through different thermodynamic stages of a cyclic process . Carnot suggested that, if a heat engine goes through fixed thermodynamic stages of a specified process, then the efficiency of the heat engine may be 100% possible. Ideally, this engine gives maximum efficiency. No other engine can be more efficient than this. The specified cyclic process suggested by Carnot is called the Carnot cycle. The Carnot engine has four main parts: 1). First, an insulated, non-conducting stand , so that the transfer of energy is not possible . 2). Second, a hot reservoir with infi...
by Maryam Hussain Cattle animals are also called ruminant animals because they are capable to consume and digest plant materials and are classified as herbivores . Ruminants include cattle, sheep, goats, deer, elk, and many other wild species. The word ruminant came from the property of such animals to ruminate i-e chew the cud. There are inherent major modifications of the GI tract of ruminants relating to the stomach area, which is divided into four compartments, and all of this help to process the ingested food towards milk, meat, and energy. The symbiotic relationship between microorganisms and host is developed to the highest degree in the GI tract of ruminants because the rumen provides a favorable environment. Cattle pick their meals by smell and taste, then graze until the first chamber of the stomach, the rumen, is full. Once the rumen is full of grass or hay, the cattle will lie down in a comfortable spot and, mouthful by mouthful, burp it all back up ag...